Fluoxymesterone (Halo) is a potent androgen used by bodybuilders and athletes for its strength-enhancing, fat-reducing, and muscle-hardening effects. It antagonizes glucocorticoid receptors, reduces fat mass, increases muscle mass, and has notable effects on mood and behavior.

Learn about Stanozolol’s unique features. It is distinguished by its pyrazole ring attachment enhancing its half-life and biological effects. It modulates glucocorticoids, increases free IGF-I, and antagonizes progesterone receptors. However, it causes joint pain and is hepatotoxic.

This is the first in an eleven-part series exploring the unique features of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), starting with trenbolone. It examines its insulin-sensitizing, anabolic, and anticatabolic effects, and its impact on the cardiovascular system.

This article explores the influence of Instagram fitspiration on male body standards. It examines how idealized images impact men’s and women’s body satisfaction differently,

This article explores the impact of Instagram “Fitspiration” on male body standards. How does social media content influence men’s body image, exercise motivations, and the internalization of muscular ideals.

This article examines how male bodybuilders on Instagram navigate traditional and inclusive masculinities. Analyzing Instagram posts, it explores their negotiation between physical dominance and emotional expressiveness.

The United States, particularly through its Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), exploited the Russian doping scandal to challenge the authority of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and redefine anti-doping governance through national interests via the enactment of the Rodchenkov Act.

This article examines the New York Times’ role in shaping public perception of the Russian doping scandal, focusing on media influence, agenda-setting, and international repercussions, particularly highlighting Grigory Rodchenkov’s revelations.

Learn how North American media shaped public perception of the Russian doping scandal during the Sochi 2014 Olympics, highlighting themes of unfairness and moral outrage, and examining media influence on cultural attitudes and policy decisions in sports.

Learn how to use erythropoietin (EPO) in competitive cycling, focusing on a protocol designed by university researchers. The medically-supervised dosing protocol examines both potential performance benefits and associated health risks.