“Hormone pills” and weightlifting added size and strength, Sidney Blanks said in 1964, discussing the conditioning protocol that elevated him to professional football, the AFL.
“That, in itself, is a story,” sportswriter Emil Tagliabue related from Corpus Christi, Tex., after covering Blanks in college at Texas A&I. “Blanks learned about a program of pills and exercise which the San Diego Chargers had used on their players, and since adopting it, saw his weight zoom from his college level of 185 to slightly over 200.” The heavier Blanks also increased foot speed, cutting his time to 9.8 seconds in the 100-yard dash.
The pills were anabolic-androgenic steroids [AAS]. Blanks’ supply was likely Dianabol, originating from the doping program of San Diego Chargers head coach Sid Gillman and his sidekicks, Dr. Charles Franklin and Alvin Roy, a Louisiana trainer designated as strength coach. Hugh “Bones” Taylor scouted for Gillman in Texas and supplied the drugs to Blanks. Soon after, Taylor accepted a coaching position with the Houston Oilers.
The Oilers drafted Blanks, a running back who became rookie sensation of the American Football League in 1964, averaging 5.2 yards per carry, catching 55 passes, and returning a kick 101 yards. The next season Blanks reported at 210 pounds, “beautifully conditioned and more muscular,” before his crippling knee injury in an Oilers scrimmage.
Today, electronic newspaper search confirms anabolic drugs permeated American football in the 1950s and ’60s, versus entering in a trickle, as previously believed. Additionally, while Alvin Roy was Johnny Appleseed of anabolic steroids — spreading the word and pills across sport domains — the Louisiana trainer did not pioneer team doping with the Chargers in 1963, when high schools were already doing it. Gillman borrowed that tale for court testimony, blaming Roy and Dr. Franklin for steroids in lawsuits by Chargers players. On the contrary, Gillman had possibly doped athletes back in the mid-Fifties, given publicized gains of his Rams players, his penchant for cutting-edge tech, and his ethic of winning by any means necessary. Muscle drugs were available.
Anabolic steroids were effective tissue-building chemicals released in 1956, as derivatives of synthetic testosterone mass-produced since World War Two. By 1963-64, steroids were used at every level of football and nationwide, not in isolated pockets.
Steroid programs were underway in the AFL along with the NFL, and at colleges and high schools, as revealed by news evidence formerly buried in microfilm. At some locations, parents knew steroids were provided their sons in football.
Muscle drugs were administered to Kansas City players by a team doctor from 1963 to 1982. Dr. Albert Miller, upon leaving the Chiefs, acknowledged he prescribed steroids for players who wanted anabolics.
“Oh, sure,” Dr. Miller told writer Paul Domowitch. “I really don’t know how many other [team] doctors do it… I just believe in guidance rather than having these fellas get [drugs] off the street.”
Chiefs linebacker Sherrill Headrick did not mention Miller in 1964, when he gained 20 pounds on pills in the offseason to weigh 235, up from 215, and turned heads.
“You know, I got to believe those vitamins are the real thing,” Headrick said to an inquiring reporter. “I don’t think I’m eating any more. I just started taking vitamins.”
The Los Angeles Rams became giants in coach Harland Svare’s “weight-gaining program” from 1963 to 1965. Svare was a former player and assistant coach with the New York Giants, where linemen were fed anabolic “vitamins” by assistant coach Ed Kolman. Sportswriter Melvin Durslag of the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner visited Rams camp at Orange, Calif., reporting:
“To offer just a fragment of what has been going on, Merlin Olsen, who once weighed 260, has been enlarged to 284. Lamar Lundy, originally a 230-pounder, has been inflated to 276, and a rookie from Texas, Tony Guillory, who played at 215 for Lamar Tech last year, has been stretched to 240 to start his hitch in the pros.”
“Weightlifting, vitamins, hormone pills and food supplements provide the means for the tonnage, which is becoming more evident each season.”
“Harland Svare, the coach of Los Angeles, feels the limit has just about been reached. ‘It’s not that they can’t get bigger,’ says Harland. ‘It’s simply that we can’t permit it if we are to continue playing on fields the size of those today.’ ”
Defensive lineman Roosevelt Grier once weighed 225, beginning pro football in New York with Svare. By summer 1965, “Rosey” was the NFL’s famed 300-pounder, standing 6-foot-5. “I got there the only way you can, by eating and drinking,” Grier told Duslag, predicting 400-pound linemen in the future.
Guillory ran the 40-yard dash in 4.5 seconds, after putting some 25 pounds lean mass on his 6-4 frame. Rams scout Vic Lindskog found Guillory in Texas. The seventh-round draft pick was placed on a “supplement diet and the pills have done wonders,” said Lindskog.
The San Francisco 49ers were juicing players with steroids, of course, under team physician Dr. Lloyd Millburn. Quarterback Bob Waters remains the single clearcut user, as the only honest user of the period Niners. Waters and his wife Sheri discussed Millburn, drugs and the San Francisco organization after Bob was diagnosed with ALS at age 45. The college coach and former player died in 1989.
Millburn instructed Waters to ingest Dianabol in summer 1962, handing the bony quarterback sample packs of the pills. Waters gained muscle, adding 12 pounds to weigh 184, played the NFL season, and came back skinny again in summer 1963. Same routine, Millburn prescribed “special pills” for Waters, reportedly, and the athlete gained mass quickly. In 1964 Waters came to July camp chiseled, displaying “a powerfully muscled upper torso,” gushed the San Francisco Examiner. “Weights and handball did it,” Waters said then, later clarifying AAS as the growth factor.
Ten days after Waters showed up jacked for Millburn’s approval, the doctor flew to Chicago for prescribing drugs to rookie quarterback George Mira. Millburn said the prized draft pick had a muscle pull in his throwing arm, practicing for the college stars to face the Bears. Mira continued practicing and played, wowing the NFL champions with his scrambling and throwing. Mira said he experienced no sore arm on the field while gaining 10 pounds since seeing Millburn.
The practice became routine of professional and collegiate football in the Sixties, pumping players for sudden gains in weight and strength. Officials and athletes attributed various substances besides AAS, around weight-training. They had to say something, trying to explain football’s ever-increasing sizes.
“The size, speed and agility of pro football players has developed to the point where fact is much larger than fiction or legend,” commented Ray Haywood of the Oakland Tribune, 1961. “The amazing thing about these monuments to the vitamin and the stimulated pituitary gland is that they are agile—mean, too.”
“Not long ago a 240-pound college tackle was considered monstrous. Now the pros draft 240-pounders, if they are fast, in hope they will grow large enough to play guard. The size trend is noticeable even at the prep level. Practically every high school has at least one 235-pounder.”
Oakland center Jim Otto added upwards of 50 pounds upon joining the Raiders, “by lifting weights and taking special pills,” reported United Press International. Patriots quarterback hopeful Chuck Green trained in Ohio, consuming “12 protein tablets and two specially prescribed vitamin pills each day,” according to the Springfield News-Sun, although vitamins were not prescription drugs.
The NFL Cardinals praised free agent Norman Beal in 1962. The 5-11 defensive back reported at 175 pounds, larger than his weight for the University of Missouri, where he received Nilevar steroid pills for growth. Later, St. Louis trainer Jack Rockwell said Beal did not use AAS with the Cards. Meanwhile, running back Prentice Gault stacked on 15 lean pounds in training camp, “on milkshakes,” reportedly. St. Louis line hopeful Leo Reed of Hawaii, son of a pro wrestler and former NFL player, said he gained 85 pounds through weightlifting to reach 260. Reed said “proteins” helped.
Cleveland rookie Leroy Kelly gained 20 pounds after Browns coach Blanton Collier was “disappointed at his weight.” Kelly utilized “magic potion” milkshakes of Browns trainer Leo Murphy for rather magic mass. So did linebacker Don Lindsey, adding 15 pounds as part of Cleveland’s “liquid-lunch bunch,” reported his hometown Louisville Courier-Journal.
The U.S. Mail delivered potion for poundage to the entire Detroit team, players scattered about prior to the 1964 season, according to the Port Huron Times Herald. Lions rookie tackle Uwe Wiese displayed medicine bottles for sports editor Ed Senyczko, with scripts indecipherable in a photograph. Weise added 25 pounds quickly, taking “three kinds of vitamin capsules two and three times a day” while lifting barbells and running miles, Senyczko reported on July 19.
“That’s been Uwe Wiese’s way of life these past six weeks as he follows a strict regimen, prescribed by Coach George Wilson, for all 64 football players planning to report to the National Football League training camp of the Detroit Lions.” Wiese was cut from the team in training camp.
But linebacker John Bramlett made the AFL Broncos, thanks in part to care packages from the team, helping him reach a chiseled 223 pounds. “Denver sent me some weight-gaining pills,” Bramlett told the Memphis Commercial Appeal. Bramlett, a stud athlete, played minor league baseball after college at Memphis State, where he starred in football, competing at 40 pounds under his new prime for the AFL.
“I would have gone ahead and played football in the first place if I weighed enough,” Bramlett said in 1965, “but I didn’t know then what I know now about gaining weight.”
Nick Buoniconti sounded familiar, crediting treatment for muscular ailment. The Dolphins linebacker said “hormone pills” solved his leg cramps in hot Miami.
Quarterback Bart Starr saw steroids on the Packers and elsewhere. His center Bill Curry, Jr., juiced on Dianabol to make the team as a rookie. Running back Jim Taylor brought Alvin Roy around, old buddies from LSU. Starr claimed none of it, speaking in 1973.
“There is no excuse for the use of anabolic steroids, which has been a common practice for years,” Starr said. “Not enough tests have been made on them to determine possible future effects.”
***
Vitamins, for the record, could not build mass in children or adults, experts emphasized during the 1950s and ’60s. The same applied for protein tablets, iron supplements and more stuff purported to add size in muscle, sold over the counter and door to door. Government agencies, medical associations and many athletic officials warned against vitamin “quackery” and more dietary supplementation.
Sports were rife with fraud, critics bemoaned. “There are no magic diets for athletes…,” declared medical columnist Dr. Theodore R. Van Dellen. “Members of the team need the same food as their non-athletic classmates and vice versa… Many gridiron or ring heroes continue to attribute their stamina and strength to some tidbit, vitamin, cereal, or other concoction.”
As for augmenting diet in bona fide tissue-building, the anabolic steroid Nilevar was effective, in pill form, Van Dellen touted from 1956 until the 1970s. The syndicated Chicago Tribune health analyst appeared in newspapers as “T.R. Van Dellen, M.D.” He recommended Nilevar for specimens such as small-stature children and adolescents, adult “Slimjims,” and elderly osteoporosis victims. A control group of “five thin but otherwise normal adults” was administered Nilevar tablets. They gained “an average of two pounds per month; the maximum was 20 pounds in six months,” Van Dellen reported in 1958.
Many athletic officials tried to dismiss AAS as bunk or placebo along with vitamins. But other sport voices echoed Van Dellen, if less enthusiastically, regarding performance enhancement and physical gains.
In 1968 Dr. I.J. McQueen, of international weightlifting, stated: “Unfortunately, my experience in weightlifting and bodybuilding circles suggests that these drugs do, in fact, tend to augment muscle bulk in men who are consistently engaged in strength or bodybuilding regimen of heavy exercise.”
“I write ‘unfortunately’ because the success of these athletes in increasing their muscle size, by these means, is being copied by more and more young men in the hope of finding an easy pathway.”
***
Major League Baseball utilized “vitamins” that enhanced performance and injury recovery of players. So claimed the St. Louis Cardinals, St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies and New York Giants during World War Two; the Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles and Kansas City Athletics in the Fifties; and the New York Yankees and Mets, among most teams of the Sixties.
During the 1961 season, Joe DiMaggio figured vitamins and exercise boosted Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris in their quests to break Babe Ruth’s homerun record of 60. “We never heard of vitamins when I was coming along,” said DiMaggio, who retired a decade earlier. The Hall of Famer said modern players were “bigger, stronger, and I believe faster.” Alvin Roy publicly speculated of working with Mantle and Hank Aaron, as the trainer spoke in interviews, although no available evidence indicates he met either slugger.
Later, insiders and experts attributed amphetamines for widespread doping in baseball during the era. Those drugs, however, could not have produced the gains in size and strength by some baseball players of the 1950s and ’60s. Neither could vitamins. Weight-training alone could have added a few pounds for uninitiated athletes, but not many, and a few news reports credited substances, too.
Cardinals pitcher Ellis “Cot” Deal gained 15 pounds on “a special pill diet” for sore arm, “vitamin deficiencies,” and infected tonsils, said officials. Phillies shortstop Roy Smalley added 17 pounds to weigh 200; “on advice of a doctor he is on a protein diet in a muscle-building campaign.” Orioles shortstop Ron Hansen gained 15 pounds of muscle in arms and shoulders, “taking vitamin pills and gulping down malted milkshakes to keep from turning into a stringbean.” Orioles pitcher Billy O’Dell added 20 pounds on “hormone pills” to offset diagnosed hormone loss, reportedly. Athletics outfielder Rick Monday replaced a 15-pound weight loss with “a lot of vitamins and supplements.” Pirates outfielder Bob Skinner added 20 pounds “on a special diet” with weightlifting.
Roy’s primary business was football, in pro leagues, colleges and high schools, like for other performance peddlers. Roy used the supplements cover for anabolic steroids in the 1960s, calling the drugs “special vitamins” from Russia. He sold isometric machines throughout football, a contraction system for pushing and pulling weights, in his co-venture with Dr. John Ziegler and Bob Hoffman of York Barbell in Pennsylvania.
Roy and Hoffman promised miracle gains through their isometric apparatuses, which critics dismissed as nothing new, largely useless. “Isometrics” was also a ruse for AAS use, as some Texas weightlifters discovered. Terry Todd tried isometrics for training college football players in Austin, but results were lacking.
“I was using isometrics to no avail,” Todd later recalled. “So I went to York to learn why. [A lifter] there showed me a little brown bottle with 100 5-milligram tabs of Dianabol, these little pink pills.”
“For a while, people were put off the trail by isometric contraction, but that wasn’t doing it… Here was a real wonder drug.”
Roy perhaps addressed the doubt, or quackery talk, before the Kiwanis Club of Opelousas, La., prior to his joining the Chargers.
“In a few years the doctors will probably find a pill to take off fat, and a pill to supply endurance, and maybe even a strength pill, too,” he said. “But the best natural strength builder has already been discovered—it’s isometrics.”
Roy had worked with Olympic weightlifters of York following World War Two, but he became renowned for football at Louisiana State University in the latter Fifties. Roy helped build speed and power of LSU players, notably running backs Jim Taylor and Billy Cannon, as the Tigers won the national championship under head coach Paul Dietzel.
Dietzel employed Roy as LSU strength guru in 1957, and the two remained closely associated for a decade. In 1964 Dietzel was at West Point, coaching the Army team, when he co-headlined Hoffman’s “Sports Night” gala in York, Pa. Other names included Jesse Owens, sprint legend, Elston Howard, Yankees catcher, and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas. Bears lineman Stan Jones appeared, isometrics advocate and longtime gym dweller at York.
Dietzel was “starry eyed” touring facilities at The Barbell, where every weightlifter was using AAS, according to Bill March, powerlifting champion. Colts coach Don Shula signed March as a free agent, but he was released at training camp.
Anabolic steroids were not tied directly to Dietzel at LSU or Army. But allegations tagged him as head coach for the University of South Carolina during the 1970s. In Columbia Dietzel’s staff directed players to steroids, according to Steve Courson, former Gamecocks lineman and author on muscle drugs in football.
Courson recalled a Gamecocks assistant sent him to a team doctor, who handed the 19-year-old a prescription for Dianabol.
***
In 1960 a college football player was provided steroids at the University of Missouri, under head coach Dan Devine, for the earliest case yet confirmed of AAS in the sport. Star back Norm Beal, 158 pounds, consumed steroids given him by an MU physician. Initially Fred Wappel, Tigers trainer, told reporters “eggnog” added weight to Beal, MVP of the Orange Bowl. A decade later, Wappel fessed up under questioning from St. Louis sportswriter Bill Beck. Wappel confirmed Beal received Nilevar pills, norethandrolone, one of the first anabolic steroids prescribed by doctors.
Provocative college situations preceded Beal at Missouri, for possible muscle doping in American football.
South Carolina football made headlines for substances and players in the late Fifties. Head coach Warren Giese joked about “vitamin pills and body-building exercises” for his slight quarterback, Steve Satterfield, while an offensive guard logged serious weight gain of 50 pounds in two years, from 165 to 215. The starting O-line averaged 220.
“Modern science is seeing to it that the University of South Carolina is well fortified for the strain of twice-daily practices…,” reported the Columbia Record in September 1958. “Each Gamecock will wash down three vitamin pills, four mineral pills, and a dozen salt tablets to help compensate for the unusual physical demands.”
Colleges of the Carolinas wholly embraced strength training in 1959, reported sportswriter Jim Anderson of the Greenville News.
“This is the first year weightlifting has been followed on a large scale to prepare the players physically. Weightlifting, they believe, along with the taking of vitamin pills and other practices, tend to reduce injuries.”
At Clemson, coach Frank Howard had weight gain in mind for wideout Gary Barnes, tall and slender. “Coach Howard fed me weight-gaining pills, made me drink milkshakes, and eat a lot of fattening foods,” Barnes later recalled. “I never gained a pound. I did gain strength from lifting weights.”
Don Brown of the University of Houston gained five pounds of muscle in only days, training for the college all-stars game in Chicago. “The hard-running halfback credits a steady dosage of vitamin and mineral pills for the added weight which makes him a solid 200-pounder.” But Brown got shattered against the NFL champion Colts. A clothesline hit left Brown unconscious, hospitalizing him with brain “concussion.”
Louisiana State’s Billy Cannon won the Heisman Trophy in 1959, and his trainer Alvin Roy capitalized, appearing at clinics, colleges and high schools, along with franchising his health studios. Roy had met Cannon at Istrouma High of Baton Rouge, introducing weightlifting to the football team in 1955. Cannon matured into a dominant college football player and track star, becoming SEC champ in the 100-yard dash and in the shotput. The blazing 210-pounder deadlifted 550 and tossed the 16-pound shot over 54 feet.
York Barbell claimed credit for Cannon’s feats while Alvin Roy was jubilant in presentations and interviews, with his appearances expanding nationwide. “It’s my belief that Billy is the first of a group of real super athletes coming up,” Roy crowed. The trainer was disingenuous, for all he knew and had done in the breakout of AAS.
Did Roy and Dietzel administer muscle drugs for Cannon among LSU players? That was the question for many. “Cannon had a body like a Greek god,” recalled Al LoCasale, longtime Raiders executive who began with Gillman’s Chargers. “Billy not only ran the 100-yard dash in 9.4, he was also a great shot-putter. He was so powerful-looking when he came to the AFL, people started to wonder how he got like that.” No news report of Cannon available for this review tied him to steroids, hormones, or even vitamins pills, for football or track. The former athlete has not commented, either way.
Steroid-dispensing programs of college football were documented or apparent of the 1960s, notably at the University of Florida, California-Berkeley and Oregon State. A Canadian institution, Regina University, allegedly added 12 pounds per man through AAS for the team. A host of other colleges were suspect for systemic juicing of football players, given news cases and further reports, including the University of Oklahoma, Missouri, Clemson, Tampa, New Hampshire and Washington. Individual footballers were confirmed for steroid use at Wake Forest, University of Kentucky, Howard Payne College in Texas, Utah State, and Yankton College in South Dakota, among schools.
Ray Graves was named Florida head coach in 1960, coming from Georgia Tech, where he was top assistant to coach Bobby Dodd. At Tech, the affable Graves also befriended Alvin Roy, roving consultant, whom the new Gators coach brought to Gainesville. Individual results began appearing in newspapers, reports on Florida players’ acquiring size and strength, gains attributed to barbell weights, isometrics of Roy, and, early on, “special” vitamins and “anti-bruise pills.”
Graves restored Gators football to winning in his first year, and he praised Paul Dietzel along with Roy.
“Paul not only has the finest material a coach could ask for, but he has a weight-lifting program that’s making powerful men out of boys,” Graves said. “The program was introduced in a Baton Rouge high school by a man named Alvin Roy. He was so successful Dietzel got him to come to LSU. Since then several others of us have had [Roy] set up similar programs. But the rest of us haven’t caught up with Dietzel yet.”
High schools around Gainesville bought into isometrics, adopting the gadgets through recommendation of Coach Graves and football staff at the university. Some schools also began providing Dianabol pills to football players, according to Wyman Townsel, who coached at high schools in Gainesville, Live Oak and Fort Walton Beach. The AAS practice was learned from “some universities,” Townsel told police during a local investigation of 1966-67. Lawmen said they found no evidence, but subsequent news stories might have helped.
Because Dianabol in Gators football went public in 1968, with a feature story on Larry Rentz, rail-thin senior quarterback. “Rentz appears healthier than any other time in his Gator career,” reported Jamie Jobb of the Tampa Bay Times. “A steady diet, weight-training and Dianabol tablets have increased his weight from the usual 145 to an ‘obese’ (as he jokingly calls it) 165. Obviously the 165 pounds fill out his 6-2 frame much better than his old weight. ‘I feel the best I’ve ever felt,’ he said.”
At Florida State University in Tallahassee, transfer receiver Jim Barrows discussed AAS prescribed him by a doctor in Fort Scott, Kan.
“I guess it was about a year and a half ago when I read about the hormone pill in True Magazine,” Barrows said. “Heck, that pill put about 10 pounds on me in a month.”
“The weight has made me faster, too. I used to run the 100 in about 10.2. Now I can go about 9.8. And my 40 [time] has really come down. I can do a 4.7 now in full gear.”
Former Utah State player Ken Ferguson estimated a large majority of college linemen used anabolic steroids. “I’d say anybody who has graduated from college to professional football in the last four year,” commented Ferguson, CFL center in British Columbia who gained 15 pounds and added 30 to his bench press in 12 days on steroids.
“It definitely helps the football player. He wants to put weight on, and this does. But it’s muscle bulk and you don’t even realize you’re carrying the extra pounds. I didn’t feel sluggish or anything.”
***
At outset of the 1965 football season, larger, faster specimens populated every level of the game.
“It is a scientific fact that, except for jockeys and high-fashion models, Americans are growing taller and heavier all the time,” remarked Edwin Pope, Miami Herald sports columnist. “Yet that does not begin to explain the enormity of today’s football people.”
“The best single explanation may be supplied by a low-slung, graying man who looks more like a Brooklyn cigar-store operator than a contributor to athletes’ size and strength. His name is Alvin Roy.”
Roy was seemingly everywhere in American football, instructing the pros, advising for college teams, and visiting high schools—where controversy ignited for one prep in his wake.
A football parent objected at Salem, Mass., where “vitamins” provided schoolboys were encouraged by the coach’s associate, Alvin Roy. The parent suspected “pep pills” or amphetamines, but school officials determined no wrongdoing occurred. “The protein and vitamin tablets give the boys extra energy, power, and supplement their diets,” explained coach Andy Konovalchik. The Boston Globe intoned: “It is a common practice by football coaches on all levels to issue vitamin pills.”
Unequivocal doping programs were conducted elsewhere in school football, such as Ray High in Corpus Christi, Tex., where steroids for players began around 1961 and continued for years. School officials blamed parents and a physician, not coaches. In California, an entire prep team used AAS under Dr. H. Kay Dooley of Pomona, he later revealed.
None was exposed in detail like Choctawhatchee High football on the Florida Panhandle, Fort Walton Beach, where supposed “super vitamins” turned out to be AAS. Coach Wyman Townsel arrived in summer of ’65, and soon a football mother asked her pharmacist how to obtain pills like her son received on the Choctaw team. The tablets were Winstrol, stanozolol, a powerful anabolic-androgenic steroid. Other parents were alarmed, and complaints reached the sheriff’s office and state attorney general. A probe confirmed Dianabol as a second steroid Townsel provided to players, with scripts totaling 4,000 pills. About 50 teens were involved, lawmen said.
Local newspapers broke the story of schoolboys on steroids, which concerned some readers during Christmas holidays of 1966. But King Football was Teflon, omnipotent, ruling hearts and minds with college bowls and pro playoffs, endearing millions.
Townsel pointed police toward “some universities” for steroid use in football—read Florida and Florida State—that influenced school programs. The young coach had played collegiately at Louisville. He portrayed football muscle doping as growing, from preps to pros, but that was neverminded.
Barely a week into the New Year, lawmen announced their investigation “bogged down” for Choctaw football. The state AG checked out on Choctaw football, moving on, and a grand jury concluded with no criminal finding or directive.
Local interest died for the story of steroids for schoolboys, which never registered on news agenda outside Florida. Reports ceased and the information was covered in newspaper stacks, then submerged in a sea of microfilm.
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NEXT >>: 1970s: Alvin Roy was the Johnny Appleseed of Anabolic Steroids in American Football
About the author
Matt Chaney is an editor, author and publisher living in Missouri, USA. Matt is the author of Spiral Of Denial: Muscle Doping In American Football. His work on performance-enhancing drugs in sports has appeared in newspapers, wire service, magazines, including The Associated Press, Deadspin.com, Vice.com, New York Daily News, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Kansas City Star, Columbia Tribune, Beckett Baseball Monthly.
Email: mattchaney@fourwallspublishing.com. For more information, see FourWallsPublishing or chaneysblog.com.
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