In December 1969, on the final weekend of the AFL season, the Kansas City Chiefs were rumored to employ anabolic steroids for their game plan against Oakland. Chiefs players allegedly received “a special hormone shot 10 days ago which should give them super strength” for the archrival Raiders, reported Ken Love, a newsman of suburban Kansas City.
The charge would have made sense to insiders on the know. Chiefs team physician Dr. Albert R. Miller supplied players with anabolic-anabolic steroids [AAS], those who wanted the drugs, as the doctor later confirmed. Injectable steroids were readily available, like Deca-Durabolin, Winstrol Depot and Primobolan Depot. Another needle option was synthetic testosterone, male hormone for AAS derivatives, injected by bodybuilders, athletes and actors, among performers since World War Two.
Chiefs team physician Dr. Albert R. Miller supplied players with anabolic-anabolic steroids.
Moreover, Alvin Roy was strength coach for Kansas City, reputed dispenser of Dianabol pills, formerly at San Diego, where he co-conducted a team AAS program with head coach Sid Gilliam. Roy knew all types of steroids, injectables to orals. In 1966, he oversaw Deca shots for three Chargers players, one of whom later sued the team, Houston Ridge. When Roy left San Diego, he was hired by Hank Stram, Chiefs head coach who outbid Tom Landry of the Cowboys.
In 1969 at Oakland, Chiefs officials rebuked the claim of steroid injections. “Trainer Wayne Rudy insists the team has taken only Vitamin B shots—just as it has done all season,” Love reported for the Johnson County Daily News in Olathe, Kan. “And Stram claims the team is preparing for this game just like it did for the 13 other league games.”
Trainer Wayne Rudy insists the team has taken only Vitamin B shots—just as it has done all season.
Kansas City lost the regular-season finale at Oakland but rebounded to beat the New York Jets in the playoffs. The Chiefs then upended the Raiders for the American Football League title game, the last such championship prior to merger with the NFL.
A jubilant Jim Tyrer, All-AFL tackle for Kansas City, pointed reporters to Alvin Roy, “the greatest thing that ever happened to the Chiefs and me,” declared the lineman. “We’ve run miles and miles. We’ve lifted tons of weights to get this solid.”
“Here it is, my ninth year, when I should be in the twilight of my career as a pro lineman. But I’m a lot stronger than I was three years ago and I weigh only 260,” Tyrer said. “The man who did this for me is our strength coach. [Roy] took extra weight off me but put weight on others who needed it.”
Alvin Roy was “the greatest thing that ever happened to the Chiefs and me”, according to tackle Jim Tyrer.
Alvin Roy stepped up to address the media, always confident around football writers. The sports-writing flock stood football friendly, Roy knew, despite his recent exposure as a steroid distributor, named by Chargers players in Sports Illustrated.
“I make a health study on each individual player,” Roy said. “I have a formula for analyzing the weight of a football player… I analyze the man’s poundage fluctuation, and, in that way, arrive at a weight that is best for him as an athlete.” The scribes took notes, impressed.
Roy listed his credentials. Besides the Chargers and Chiefs, he consulted for the Cowboys in pro football. His college jobs included the University of Florida, Georgia Tech, Ole Miss, Tennessee, Minnesota, San Diego State, and Army at West Point. He appeared at countless high schools. Roy’s individual clients spanned games from preps to pros, such as Jim Taylor and Lance Rentzel in the NFL, and Bob Pettit of the NBA. In some 15 years around football, Alvin Roy had met thousands of coaches, trainers, doctors and players, boys to men.
York Barbell became notorious for steroids in the 1960s, while hosting exhibitions and galas attended by NFL and MLB stars.
Roy’s gridiron renown began in his native Baton Rouge, establishing a weightlifting program for alma mater Istrouma High in 1955, which became state champion. He followed with success for the LSU Tigers, undefeated national champions in 1958. He trained U.S. weightlifters through York Barbell in Pennsylvania, home base of Olympic teams. “The Barbell” became notorious for steroids in the 1960s, while hosting exhibitions and galas attended by stars of the NFL, Major League Baseball and the Olympics. Don Shula, NFL coach, frequented the events.
The 1970 Super Bowl was played in New Orleans on Sunday, January 11, featuring the Kansas City Chiefs versus the Minnesota Vikings, a monster TV event to open the decade. Sixty million people watched from worldwide as the Chiefs thumped the favored Vikings, 23-7.
Alvin Roy promoted the Kansas City Chiefs and his Baton Rouge gym.
Hank Stram mugged for cameras, kissing the championship trophy, while Alvin Roy strutted in the locker room, promoting the Chiefs and his Baton Rouge gym. “Throughout the post-game interviews Roy could be seen posing with some of the Louisiana products on the team,” a report stated, noting chiseled defensive back Johnny Robinson and giant lineman Remi Prudhomme, both LSU alums. “[Roy] said he hopes to get some of the players to Baton Rouge in the near future.” Roy’s immediate destination was the U.S. Naval Academy in Maryland, where he would train football players for spring.
Praises and steroids talk followed the strength coach in his travels, all levels of football. Alvin Roy and associates showed up around 1970s steroid use of the NFL—cases later known largely through player reveals—at Kansas City, Pittsburgh, Dallas, Baltimore and Miami, and in the World Football League at Memphis.
Strength coach Johnny Parker Parker referred to the guru Alvin Roy throughout his career.
In 1974, two pals of Alvin Roy directed football at the University of South Carolina, head coach Paul Dietzel and strength coach Johnny Parker. Dianabol pills were available in the weightroom, lineman Steve Courson later stated. An unnamed coach steered Courson to a team doctor for a prescription, 5 mg tablets of Dianabol, 30 doses, and the 19-year-old packed on 30 pounds of muscle in two months and bench-pressed 460. Coach Dietzel once employed Roy for LSU football, and Parker referred to the guru throughout his career at colleges and with the New York Giants of the NFL. Parker claimed Courson, too, until the athlete went public about steroids.
At the University of Hawaii, Dr. Richard You was a football benefactor and trainer for decades, including the 1970s when anabolic steroids were provided players, an internal probe found. Afterward, Dr. You’s medical license was suspended for illicit prescriptions in Hawaii, thousands of pharma orders, said authorities, who did not mention athletes. Dr. You was a longtime official for the U.S. Olympic Committee, a staff colleague of Roy for weightlifting teams, and a close friend of Bob Hoffman, owner of York Barbell.
Dr. Richard You (right) was a longtime official for the U.S. Olympic Committee, a staff colleague of Roy for weightlifting teams, and a close friend of Bob Hoffman, owner of York Barbell.
Elsewhere in the NCAA, Oregon State University, PE instructor Ed O’Shea conducted AAS performance studies on football athletes, gymnasts, swimmers and rowers for years, publishing in sports medicine. O’Shea was an amateur powerlifter and Roy associate who trained with Olympic stars of York. The USOC appointed Professor O’Shea to its planning committee for weightlifting events.
Alvin Roy dropped dead of a heart attack in 1979, at age 59, working for the Oakland Raiders of his buddy Al Davis. Undoubtedly, much of Roy’s steroid lineage in American football would never be uncovered.
*******
The 1970s began as a bumpy ride for sport officials over drugs and athletes. Marijuana and street narcotics were a problem, but “society” proved a good scapegoat in that regard. Painkillers and performance-enhancing substances, meanwhile, were thornier issues for sport organizers, coaches, trainers and doctors.
Houston Ridge (left) sued the San Diego Chargers alleging steroid use, amphetamines, injuries and painkillers under a callous Coach Gillman
Athletes wrote books alleging abuse of amphetamines and opioids in the NFL, NCAA and Major League Baseball. Critics said anabolic steroids were entrenched, reaching down to high schools. Football players filed lawsuits, claiming wrongdoing by coaches and staff. The San Diego Chargers scandal exploded, for exposure of legal affidavits and allegations by players. Head coach Sid Gilliam, under oath, denied knowing the pills he handed to players were Dianabol. Alvin Roy was mentioned in the affair but avoided testimony himself.
Politicians staged hearings, demanding eradication of doping from sport—an impossible dream. Prospects were nil for effective anti-doping, even as Olympic bureaucrats claimed testing for amphetamines and anabolic steroids, which proved an adject failure.
“Dianabol: Breakfast of Champions”
Official talking points were the concrete result instead, for drugs in sport. Organizers, coaches and staff—from football, baseball, and track and field—devised faulty promises and factual misrepresentations for difficult questions. Naysayers derided the talk as lies, but official rhetoric was effective for public denial, deflection of blame.
Fans did not care about drugs in beloved sports, anyway, nor injuries and fatalities, according to writers like Sandy Padwe and James Michener. Padwe analyzed Houston Ridge’s complaint against the Chargers, a landmark suit alleging steroid use, amphetamines, injuries and painkillers under a callous Coach Gillman. The news amounted to a blip in sport culture.
“The average fan probably would not even consider it,” Padwe observed of the Ridge case, commenting for the Philadelphia Inquirer. “The fan is present to be entertained. He tolerates all the means which satisfy the end.”
NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle was foremost in dismissing notions of widespread use, particularly for anabolic steroids.
In football, officials suddenly claimed systemic doping no longer existed, however illogical or unbelievable. NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle was foremost in dismissing notions of widespread use, particularly for anabolic steroids. The league’s essential talking points on AAS were established by 1975, made to last, declaring:
Any use was isolated, restricted to a small minority of cheaters.
Any use was the athlete’s fault, an individual mistake.
Any portrayal of systemic use was exaggerated.
Any widespread use was in the past.
Any ongoing steroid abuse was limited to colleges and high schools.
Ineffective prevention was in the past.
Effective anti-doping policy was being implemented.
Anabolic drugs could kill healthy athletes, standard therapeutic dosages aside.
Anabolic drugs were placebo, no replacement for dedication and hard work.
Scientific training and natural substances built lean mass and power.
League priorities were fair play, healthy athletes, and setting examples for children.
League mission was elimination of muscle drugs in the league.
The term anabolic steroid was taboo for football officials, all levels, and had been since release of the drugs in 1956, as news evidence demonstrated. NFL quotes of the Seventies, led by coaches and players, did not mention “steroid” except in past-tense or scorn, or to designate cortisone, corticosteroids. Football’s code word hormone had become inflammatory, too, conjuring image of muscle drugs, as the Chiefs learned prior to Super Bowl IV.
When the ever-increasing sizes of football players required comment, trusted terms were spoken for substances that augmented weightlifting. Beefed-up, muscular athletes were said to consume “high-protein meals,” “vitamins,” and the contemporary “dietary supplements.” Football writers accepted the rhetoric without question, parroting statements as factual, and truth could not be ruled out, supposing anything was possible.
San Francisco 49ers assistant coach Paul Wiggin “supervised the enlargement of [Tommy] Hart” from 206 to 257 pounds in 1971.
The San Francisco 49ers, for example, apparently found new methods for lean mass since providing Dianabol pills to quarterback Bob Waters in the early Sixties. In 1971, Niners staff had “weight-lifting processes and other techniques to add 51 pounds in two years to a defensive lineman named Tommy Hart, formerly 206, now 257,” reported the Los Angeles Times. Assistant coach Paul Wiggin “supervised the enlargement of Hart.”
“Ordinarily, you can’t count on creating 51 pounds,” Wiggin said. “An inadequate diet had been part of Hart’s problem.” Wiggin credited protein supplements, agility drills, speed exercises and weights for adding bulk. The coach declared, “The important thing is to add pounds without decreasing speed.” The lengthy LAT article did not mention anabolic steroids, typical of sports pages and magazines.
The Chiefs and Alvin Roy promoted 30 pounds of muscle packed onto Morris Stroud, formerly a skinny 6-foot-9 project, transformed to a tight end weighing 255 pounds, shredded. Roy also advised a fitness-minded sportswriter for prime weight, prescribing running, weights and vitamins.
Vikings guard Milt Sunde added 70 pounds since his freshman year in college.
Dolphins coach Don Shula commanded linebacker Jesse Powell to grow larger, so the player added 15 pounds lean in an offseason. Powell said the difference was nature, protein pills, and cutting-edge strength training. “I think my body metabolism is reaching full maturity, and as you get older, you put on weight easier,” he reasoned. “By increasing your strength it adds bulk. It was nothing drastic.”
Vikings rookie tackle Bart Buetow strove to gain 40 pounds in a few months, for training camp. “I’ve been lifting weights almost daily, and I eat protein supplements to give me extra calories,” he said. Vikings guard Milt Sunde added 70 pounds since his freshman year in college. “I take a dietary supplement after practice every day and always eat a fourth meal before I go to bed,” he said.
Washington draft pick Mike O’Quinn was told to “get bigger” for making the team. “When the Redskin representative phoned to tell me about being selected, we talked about a weight program,” said O’Quinn, offensive lineman. “Their trainer is an expert, and he’ll put me on protein supplements and a weightlifting program.”
“I’ll be able to build myself up to the size they want.”
*******
NFL linebacker David Meggyesy stunned football when he retired in 1969, amidst his prime for the Cardinals. Then Meggyesy shocked football, publishing an autobiographical account from California, a tell-all flamethrower about the NCAA and NFL.
Meggyesy wrote of football racketeering, demoralization, violence, serious injury and widespread drugs, the latter ranging from marijuana and LSD to painkillers and anabolic steroids. Ramparts Press of Berkeley released Meggyesy’s blockbuster, Out of Their League, a trade hit and counterculture smash of 1970.
Dave Meggyesy (right) wrote of football racketeering, demoralization, violence, serious injury and widespread drugs, the latter ranging from marijuana and LSD to painkillers and anabolic steroids.
“The violent and brutal player that television viewers marvel over on Saturdays and Sundays is often a synthetic product,” Meggyesy stated. “When I got to the National Football League, I saw players taking not only steroids, but also amphetamines and barbiturates at an astonishing rate. Most NFL trainers do more dealing in these drugs than the average junky. I was glad when Houston Ridge, the San Diego Chargers’ veteran defensive tackle, field a huge suit last spring against his club, charging them with conspiracy and malpractice in the use of drugs.”
Voices extolled Meggyesy for his literary effort and public speaking, including writer Sandy Padwe. Alex Karras, former Lions defensive tackle, seconded the drug allegations.
“I’ve taken shots or Novocain injections, and I’ve taken pep pills…,” Karras said, “and so have a lot of other Lions, and so do players on almost any team you’d care to name. It’s a very common thing.”
Out of Their League by Dave Meggyesy
Meggyesy described the St. Louis training room as a “veritable drugstore.” After the book’s release, lineman Ken Gray sued the Cardinals, alleging he was prescribed “potent, harmful, illegal and dangerous” pharmaceuticals. The franchise settled with Gray out of court. Team officials did not comment on Meggyesy’s specific allegations, although an office “source” suggested political radicalism altered the athlete as he became a “loner” on the squad.
Cardinals physician Dr. Fred Reynolds classified anabolic steroids as useless and hazardous for athletes. Tight end Jackie Smith said he knew nothing of AAS, had never seen Dianabol, and he called the notion of pressure to use “asinine.” Smith said, “We don’t have to take anything we don’t want.”
A teammate felt differently, Bob Young, Cardinals offensive lineman who used anabolic steroids for eight years in the 1970s.
“I was just an average guard—about 255 [pounds], 30 years old, fighting for my life,” Young said in retirement, speaking with Philadelphia writer Paul Domowitch. “Sometimes I felt like I was banging my head against the wall. If the son of a gun across the line from you is 20 pounds heavier and 50 pounds stronger, you can psyche yourself up as much as you want to. But deep down, you know he’s tougher and stronger than you.”
Turning to steroids consistently with the Cardinals, Bob Young became All-Pro, weighing almost 300 and benching-pressing more than 500 pounds.
Young had taken Dianabol a couple times, years apart, dating to college football in Texas. But increasing sizes overtook him again at the line by the Seventies. Turning to AAS consistently with the Cardinals, Bob Young became All-Pro, weighing almost 300 and benching-pressing more than 500 pounds.
“Hey, I wish they would abolish steroids all together,” Young said. “But as long as one guy takes it, there are going to be other guys taking it. When you’ve been working your tail off and another guy’s got an edge on you just because of a $20 bottle of pills, you’re going to get a $20 bottle of pills, too.”
In NFL football of the early 1970s, AAS users excelled for teams such as the Rams, Colts, Dolphins, Falcons, Oilers and Cowboys, cases confirmed through subsequent accounts. Alvin Roy worked for Landry in Dallas after leaving Kansas City.
Packers great Bart Starr said tissue-building drugs were a longstanding problem for football, after his retiring as a quarterback, two-time winner of the Super Bowl. Starr had heard enough of steroids, apparently. A center of his in Green Bay, Bill Curry, used Dianabol to make the team under coach Vince Lombardi in 1965. Packers fullback Jim Taylor was a close friend of Alvin Roy since their LSU days. In 1972 Starr worked as a Packers assistant under head coach Dan Devine, whose former program at the University of Missouri provided Nilevar AAS to player Norm Beal in 1960, football’s earliest confirmed steroid case. Starr left Devine’s staff after one season then addressed a gathering in Appleton, Wis.
Bill Curry used Dianabol to make the team under coach Vince Lombardi in 1965.
“There is no excuse for the use of anabolic steroids, a common practice for years,” Starr declared. “Not enough tests have been made on them to determine possible future effects.” Coaches were culpable, he asserted, suggesting that staff underlings often steered performance-enhancing drugs. “Management has an obligation” for health and welfare of athletes, Starr said.
In the Canadian Football League, steroid cases of the Montreal Alouettes were exposed by sportswriter Ian MacDonald of the Montreal Star. Coach Sam Etcheverry was accustomed to football-friendly scribes, and he was upset with MacDonald for questioning Alouettes players about muscle drugs.
Montreal Alouettes coach Sam Etcheverry told reporters not to discuss steroids.
“You aren’t going to write about that,” admonished Etcheverry, former NFL quarterback at St. Louis. “The people up here don’t know that athletes use that stuff. So why talk about it?”
MacDonald reported “some Alouette linemen have dabbled with the drug and discovered that not only do they gain the sought after muscle, but they do not lose speed or mobility. Astonishing improvement.” Rookie tackle Ed George acknowledged steroid use.
“Yes, I’ve tried it, but I was receiving medical advice at the time,” said George, product of Wake Forest University. “I used it for a month then laid off for two months. There is no doubt that it accelerated my growth.”
“Some fellows take it all the time, but we have been told that this is not good… we have been told that as long as we stick to reasonable limitations, there will be no harm done.”
Montreal Alouettes tackle Ed George admitted using steroids.
Ed George was also drafted by Pittsburgh of the NFL, Steelers head coach Chuck Noll, who had coached with Alvin Roy under Gillman at San Diego. Noll hired Lou Riecke, an associate of Roy from New Orleans, for Steelers strength coach in 1970. Riecke was a former Olympic weightlifter who trained and used AAS for years through York Barbell.
“Football is a sport that is one-third brute strength,” Riecke said, echoing Roy precisely. “My job is to make each player as strong as possible so he can become an even better football player.”
Noll and Riecke did not comment on AAS at Pittsburgh early on, given available news evidence. But the Steelers had spokesmen in Paul Martha, former player turned attorney, and team physician Dr. John Best. They ripped Meggyesy’s book, qualifying the author as a “social revolutionist.”
Lou Riecke denied knowledge of steroid use as strength coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Martha said, “I don’t think professional football players are exposed to drugs as much as high school players.” Pittsburgh Press sportswriter Roy McHugh reported: “Martha doesn’t know of any football players who take steroids. The Steelers physician, Dr. John Best, says that an athlete who takes anabolic steroids is crazy, and to Martha that assessment seems reasonable… Dr. Best is against all kinds of drugs, including diet pills for overweight linemen.”
Steelers trainer Ralph Berlin said he knew of no steroids like Dianabol. “I’ve never seen it,” Berlin said. “I don’t know if it’s in pill form, liquid form, or if it’s taken as a shot.”
Pittsburgh Steelers trainer Ralph Berlin denied knowing anything about steroids.
But two Steelers were using steroids at the time, Jim Clack, offensive lineman, and Rocky Bleier, running back. Clack upped his weight to 248 on the drugs, with details published in a book by Roy Blunt Jr., 1973. Bleier disclosed his Dianabol use a decade later, in 1985, as steroid allegations and denials swirled around Noll’s Pittsburgh teams.
Noll and Riecke visited York, Pa., on occasion during the 1970s. Bleier appeared for an annual “Sports Night” at York Barbell, after the Steelers won a Super Bowl enroute to four their NFL championships of the decade. Noll and Riecke always maintained they knew of no AAS use on the team. Noll said he rigidly opposed the drugs. In 2005, Robert Dvorchak reported for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette:
Steelers running back Rocky Bleier (left) admitted using Dianabol.
“The inner circle at the York Barbell Co. remembered when Mr. Noll and Mr. Riecke flew to central Pennsylvania to pick up plates of weights when the Steelers began their weight-training program, and they nodded knowingly when four titles followed.”
Bill March, U.S. weightlifting legend, used Dianabol with Riecke in the Sixties, acquired through Dr. John Ziegler of York Barbell. The drug-augmented March was signed by Don Shula for a Colts tryout when Noll was an assistant at Baltimore. March scoffed at the claim Noll and Riecke were clueless of AAS in Pittsburgh.
“They went from being also-rans to being the Super Steelers,” March told Dvorchak. “They had to know it was being used by pro football players. They were getting bigger and bigger, gaining 40 pounds of muscle in one offseason. There’s no way a coach doesn’t know what his players are doing.”
“But what are they going to do, take the Super Bowl rings away?”
Bill March said Steelers coaches and staff “had to know [steroids were] being used by pro football players”.
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Matt Chaney is an editor, author and publisher living in Missouri, USA. Matt is the author of Spiral Of Denial: Muscle Doping In American Football. His work on performance-enhancing drugs in sports has appeared in newspapers, wire service, magazines, including The Associated Press, Deadspin.com, Vice.com, New York Daily News, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Kansas City Star, Columbia Tribune, Beckett Baseball Monthly.
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