Acne, who isn’t familiar with it? Almost everyone ‘catches’ it to some degree or another around puberty. Even many people still suffer from it in adulthood, with the condition estimated to persist into the 20s and 30s in around 64% and 43% of individuals, respectively [1]. While the condition is easy to recognize clinically, its […]
How Does DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) Work?
2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was a weight-loss drug that hit the shelves in the USA in the 1930s. It was used as a dye and in French ammunition factories as an ingredient for bombs during the First World War. Workers and soldiers exposed to the compound experienced various side effects, including of course, weight loss. Later, in […]
Anabolic Steroids and Erythrocytosis Polycythemia
The use of anabolic steroids can lead to a condition called erythrocytosis. It’s a condition in which your body has too many erythrocytes, or red blood cells, in its blood.
Do Anabolic Steroids Make the Prostate Grow?
The dogma would ensure that anyone with prostate cancer, a history of prostate cancer, or at risk of prostate cancer, was denied any prospect of being treated for their testosterone deficiency with TRT. Gladly, the tide would turn in 2004.
The Rise and Fall of Cardarine (GW501516)
Introduction In 1990, researchers published the discovery of a new nuclear receptor—named the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ((PPAR)—in the journal Nature [1]. The name refers to the proliferation of peroxisomes, organelles of cells with a prominent metabolic function, upon activation of these receptors. This discovery would finally help solve the mystery of how a class of […]
Enclomiphene – A SERM That was Seeking FDA Approval for the Treatment of Hypogonadism
Repros Therapeutics Inc, made an attempt at making a SERM approved by the FDA for the treatment of secondary hypogonadism. Before I continue about how this process went, I’d like to provide some background on their SERM: enclomiphene citrate (brand name Androxal, later rebranded to EnCyzix).
Anabolic Steroids and Fertility
Anabolic steroids don’t only affect the endogenous testosterone production, but also sperm production—a process called spermatogenesis. In this article I will walk you through how spermatogenesis works, how anabolic steroid use ties into this, and what you can possibly do about this.
Regulation of Testosterone Production
Introduction Most people are aware that testosterone, in men, is produced by the testes. A lot of people are also aware that this is the result of stimulation of the Leydig cell in the testes by a hormone called luteinizing hormone (LH). In turn, this hormone is produced in response to another hormone called gonadotropin-releasing […]
The Effects of Anabolic Steroids on the Heart’s Structure and Function
Perhaps one of the most worrying side effects of prolonged anabolic steroid use are those related to the heart. Indeed, a startling amount of case reports associating anabolic steroid use and adverse heart events have been published in the literature [1]. Most frequently, this included myocardial infarction. While case reports obviously can’t establish anabolic steroid […]
The Hepatotoxicity of Anabolic Steroids
It is well-known that anabolic steroids can be damaging for the liver (hepatotoxic). In particular, oral anabolic steroids with a specific chemical alteration are the usual suspects for this. This is reflected in the blood by increases in aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). Both of these can increase due to damage to the […]