Anabolic steroids are demonized in case materials used for the 23rd Annual Oregon High School Mock Trial Competition on March 13-14, 2009. The competition is intended to enhance proficiency in “critical thinking skills such as analyzing and reasoning.” However, high students participating in the mock trial contest were not allowed to critically and honestly examine anabolic steroids and their side effects. Challenging the inaccurate steroid information within the case materials was prohibited. The goal of the mock trial was to argue the assignment of fault in the fictitious death of Jordan Simon. Was the defendant responsible for Jordan’s death due to negligence or misconduct? Or was the deceased responsible for voluntarily assuming the risks? The assignment of fault may be in dispute, but one thing was certain – steroids caused Jordan Simon’s death.
The wrongful death case of Simon v. Swift and Eastside High School involves a high school track sprinter who died from a heart attack presumably caused by an anabolic steroid overdose. Student mock trial participants are told that erythropoietin (EPO) is an anabolic steroid in the case materials. This is false. But the students are not permitted to question this false assumption by calling for information outside the scope of the case materials. EPO is repeatedly identified, albeit erroneously, as an anabolic steroid throughout the case material, exhibits, and expert testimony.
Participants are told that an anabolic steroid overdose can cause heart attacks. Anabolic steroids can NOT cause an acute fatal overdose. There is no direct association between anabolic steroids and heart attacks. While long-term abuse of anabolic steroids can result in serious adverse cardiovascular consequences, an isolated cycle of anabolic steroids is unlikely to cause anything other than transient changes in cardiovascular indicators, and certainly not a heart attack. Yet, the case materials in Simon v. Swift and Eastside High School suggest that anabolic steroids caused the heart attack. The autopsy report lists the cause of death as “heart attack due to accidental drug overdose” noting extremely elevated post-mortem levels of serum erythropoietin (EPO). EPO has been directly associated with heart attacks in competitive athletes (particularly cyclists). Steroid have not.
Jordan Simon was a 17-year old senior in high school who unexpectedly died of a heart attack. Jordan began running as a youngster, and had real promise. Jordan joined Eastside High School’s track team as a freshman, and quickly developed into a star sprinter. At the time of Jordan’s death, Jordan was competing for a track scholarship to a Division I university.
The autopsy revealed that Jordan’s bloodstream contained the steroid Erythropoietin. EPO is used medically to treat certain forms of anemia. Athletes use EPO to improve performance, because it increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. EPO also increases the blood viscosity, which can cause the blood to sludge and clog capillaries, resulting in a heart attack.
Kelly Simon, Jordan’s surviving parent, has filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Eastside High School and Terry Swift, the track coach. Specifically, Kelly claims that Terry and the school’s athletic department: (i) encouraged Jordan to use steroids; and (ii) should have known that Jordan was using steroids and taken steps to stop Jordan’s steroid use. Terry and Eastside deny Kelly’s claims, and contend that: (i) Jordan assumed the risk of using steroids; and (ii) Kelly was comparatively negligent in not (a) discovering that Jordan was using steroids, and (b) taking steps to stop Jordan’s steroid use. This is a bifurcated trial on the issue of liability only; damages are not at issue.
The plaintiff’s witnesses are: (i) Kelly Simon, Jordan’s surviving parent; (ii) Morgan Pearce, another student on the track team and Jordan’s close friend; and (iii) Lynn Roper, Ph.D., an expert on the effects of steroid abuse and the use of steroids by young athletes. The defendants’ witnesses are: (i) Terry Swift, Eastside’s track coach; (ii) Jamie Hagar, Ed.D, Eastside’s assistant principal and athletic director; and (iii) Aubrey Brady, a consultant to coaches and athletic departments.
Lynn Roper, PhD., a fictitious scientific expert on performance-enhancing drugs and anabolic steroids, testified on behalf of the plaintiff; the plaintiff’s witness testified that steroid abuse caused Jordan Swift’s death and ignorantly assumed erythropoietin was an anabolic steroids. Lynn Roper testified that “Jordan was abusing steroids”, that there was “clear evidence of steroid abuse”, and that “Jordan’s use of steroids… ultimately caused Jordan’s death.” The case materials provided no information to contradict the Roper’s misstatements of fact about EPO being classified as an anabolic steroid thereby leaving assertions about steroids causing Jordan Simon unchallenged; the defendant did not have an expert witness to rebute this erroneous assertion.
Roper testified that Winstrol (stanozolol) caused her son to have a heart attack. Roper’s doctoral dissertation at Oregon State University focused on her son’s death and was entitled “Juice Isn’t Just for Breakfast Anymore: The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Amateur Athletes.”
The unsupported assertions were given credence by Roper’s expert qualifications from prestigious academic institutions and post-doctoral employment. The fictitious Roper had been employed as an exercise physiology researcher at the Human Performance Laboratory in the Department of Kinesiology and Health Education in the College of Education at the University of Texas at Austin and as the executive director of the Midwest Institute for Exercise Physiology in Michigan.
High school students competing in the Oregon High School Mock Trial Competition were not allowed to dispute the “fact pattern which contains statement of fact, witness statements, exhibits, etc.” Student attorneys were not allowed to “ask questions calling for information outside the scope of the case materials or requesting unfair extrapolations” nor “raise any new facts.” In other, participants must accept that (1) erythropoietin is an anabolic steroid; and (2) anabolic steroids cause heart attacks due to accidental drug overdose. Apparently, critical thinking is encouraged as long as it does not challenge the popular anti-steroid propaganda in contemporary society.
Who should be given credit for disseminating misinformation and propaganda regarding anabolic steroids? The 23rd Annual Oregon High School Mock Trial Competition was sponsored by Classroom Law Project and co-sponsored by the Oregon State Bar, Lewis & Clark Law School, and the Oregon Law Foundation. The case materials were based on a related case created by the Arizona Foundation for Legal Services & Education and the Young Lawyers of Arizona and vetted in mock high school trials in Arizona and Arkansas. Steroid misinformation and steroid hysteria does not appear to concern any of the legal organizations sponsoring the high school mock trial competition.
Photo credit: Pete Erickson / The Bulletin
About the author
Millard writes about anabolic steroids and performance enhancing drugs and their use and impact in sport and society. He discusses the medical and non-medical uses of anabolic-androgenic steroids while advocating a harm reduction approach to steroid education.
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