However, the only evidence in the 1990 hearing
record which could support a finding that steroids were "psychologically
addictive" within the meaning of the CSA, was an equivocal statement
submitted by Kenneth B. Kashkin, M.D., an assistant professor of
psychiatry at Yale.87 The statement indicated that withdrawal symptoms
similar to those of opiate and alcohol withdrawal had been observed. 88
However, to the extent that this statement suggested that steroids are
"psychologically addictive" in the manner of other controlled substances,
it is contradicted by his article, published in the Journal of the American
Medical Association four months prior to the hearing, which was also made
part of the record. That article concluded:
[O]ur review supports the conclusion that anabolic steroid abuse
can develop into a psychoactive substance-dependence disorder
with cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indica-
tive of uncontrollable use of a psychoactive substance despite
adverse consequences. The anabolic steroid-addiction hypothesis
is speculative and needs to be confirmed by scientific investiga-
tion .... [W]e also conclude that anabolic steroid abusers need
to be treated rather than tested and penalized. 8
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