1) If using two SERMS is beneficial, since their mechanisms if action are IDENTICAL and there is no evidence to support using the combination tell me what the reasons are? (I suspect you MAY be confusing the combination of two AI's, such as a steroidal and non- steroidal, which may be beneficial in certain instances)
1-Clomiphene is a mixture of the trans (enclomiphene) and cis (zuclomiphene) enantiomers, which have opposite effects upon the estradiol receptor[74]. Enclomiphene is an estradiol antagonist, while zuclomiphene is an estradiol agonist. The addition of tamoxifen to clomiphene might be expected to increase the overall antagonism of the estradiol receptor. 2- "Clomiphene is an antiestrogen, which decreases the estrogen effect in the body. It has a dual effect by stimulating the hypothalamic pituitary area and it has an antiestrogenic effect, so that it decreases the effect of estrogen in the body. Tamoxifen is more of a strict antiestrogen, it decreases the effect of estrogen in the body, and potentiates the action of clomiphene. Tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate compete with estrogen for estrogen receptor bind*ing sites, thus eliminating excess estrogen circulation at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary, allowing gonadotropin production to resume. Administering them together produces an elevation of LH and secondar*ily gonadal sex hormones. " Dr Michael Scally
2) Essentially all of the "anticatabolic" effects from beta agonists are theoretical performed on rodents and are void of MEASURABLE
human efficacy, otherwise all BB would use them to improve "mass".
Care to explain this: More evidence for anabolic properties of albuterol
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004 Jun;75(6):505-11
Albuterol helps resistance exercise attenuate unloading-induced knee extensor losses.
Caruso JF, Hamill JL, Yamauchi M, Mercado DR, Cook TD, Keller CP, Montgomery AG, Elias J.
Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
INTRODUCTION: While resistance exercise (REX) attenuates knee extensor (KE) mass and strength deficits during short-term unloading, additional treatments concurrently administered with REX are required to reduce the greater losses seen with longer periods of unloading. METHODS: To determine whether Albuterol helps REX attenuate unloading-induced KE losses, two groups of subjects strength trained their left thigh three times per week, and otherwise refrained from ambulatory and weight-bearing activity for 40 d while receiving a capsule dosing treatment (Albuterol, placebo) with no crossover. A third group served as unloaded controls (CTRL). On days 0, 20, and 40, the following data were collected from the nonweight-bearing (left) thigh: cross-sectional area (CSA); integrated electromyography (IEMG); and concentric and eccentric KE strength measures. Thigh CSA was estimated using anthropometric methodology. IEMG was used to provide root mean square (RMS) values from submaximal (100 nm) and maximal isometric contractions. Concentric and eccentric strength were measured from eight-repetition unilateral leg press sets. RESULTS: Repeated-measures mixed-factorial 3 x 3 ANCOVAs with day 0 values as a covariate showed group by time interactions for concentric and eccentric total work (CTW, ETW). Tukey's post hoc test showed REX-Albuterol evoked significant (p < 0.05) day 40 CTW and ETW gains vs. within-group day 0 and within-time REX-placebo and CTRL values. By days 20 and 40, CTRL subjects incurred significant decrements. CONCLUSIONS: Albuterol augmented the effects of REX to increase CTW and ETW. Research identifying possible mechanisms responsible for such changes, as well as the safety of REX-Albuterol administration in other models, is warranted.
Perhaps Albuterol is more aptly classified as an ergogenic aid rather than an anabolic compound. One could go to Pub Med and search under something like "Albuterol strength" but w/o quotation marks. It seems to improve strength and endurance at therapeutic doses according to several studies. The data in humans for clen in this regard are pretty scanty.
Likewise a search under something like "Albuterol fat" shows it promotes lioplysis.
So IMO it is superior to clen for both strength gains and fat loss.
It also seems to improve the cholesterol profile in normal men:
"Significant alterations (P < or = .02) were observed in total cholesterol ([TC] -9.1% +/- 2.5%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ([LDL-C] -15.0% +/- 2.9%), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ([HDL-C] +10.4% +/- 3.2%) concentrations, as well as the TC/HDL-C (-17.4% +/- 2.6%) and LDL-C/HDL-C (-22.9% +/- 2.4%) ratios." (1)
And I don't know what the one person was drinking, but I've been playing with different concentrations, and a 4 mg/ml solution, which is in the therapeutic range used by a number of studies, is essentially tasteless.
(1) Metabolism. 1996 Jun;45(6):712-7
Effects of oral Albuterol on serum lipids and carbohydrate metabolism in healthy men.
Maki KC, Skorodin MS, Jessen JH, Laghi F.
3) The "active life" of a compound metabolically is determined by IT'S SERUM CONCENTRATION and based on KNOWN PHARMACOKENETICS FIVE HALF LIVES had been WELL established at the end point where the concentration above baseline (3%) is no longer metabolically relevant (or is measurable using standard techniques)
4) It's obvious from the question regarding "competitive inhibition" your arguing about a physiologic process which is VERY common in hormonal regulation, yet for which your understanding is quite limited. Should you choose to debate me or anyone else on the forum do so respectfully, intelligently and without resorting to profanity as means of emotional catharsis.
Nonetheless in spite of your offhanded gratuitous commentary I will ATTEMPT to explain CI to you and others whom are interested
Let's establish some know physiologic fact first;
1) Lowered testosterone OR estrogen levels INCREASE LH secretion
2) Incereased testosterone OR estrogen levels DECREASE LH secretion
3) LH, GnRh, Tedtostetone and E-2 receptors exist to varied degrees it the surface of the Pituitary and Hypothalmus.
4)Neural-hormonal pathways interconnect the pituitary receptors (TE,GnRH,LH) and similarly form pathways between the pituitary and hypothalamic receptor. (testosterone, estrogen, LH and GnRH) receptors
All of these receptors use structures called Ligands which allow binding of various substrate hormones or the secretealogs LH and GnRH.
Because of these differing receptors and their connections when one hormone attaches to a receptor it may INHIBIT the binding of another or vice versa, this process is referred to as COMPETITIVE INHIBITION.
Consequently when a SERM is used, it prevents E-2 binding and the pituitary SENSING lowered estrogen levels increases LH production. However as mentioned earlier, increased. testosterone levels decrease LH levels resulting in a net effect of ZERO through competitive inhibition.
Yo utoallty did not take into consideration the dosge of hcg i recommended...it is 1/3 that hcg montherapy patients would use - makes a big diff huh?
I'd like to believe you know the answer to the last question posed; "What do I believe AI's will do to endogenous TT levels while exogenous T is exiting the system? Unequivocally they will increase T levels, and you I hope you actually know that!
Since an ai increases test via effects re: negative feedback (which you demonstrated above you are familiar with) which is essentially moot when a subject is shut down due the presence of exogenous test this makes absolutely no sense what so ever- just like the majority of your points above - which i why i didnt bother to respond. You understanding of physiology is excellent - your understanding of the administration of exogenous test and the ancillaries effects that are administered alongside it and how they impact one another is strongly lacking.