Nat Neurosci. 2013 Sep;16(9):1185-7.
Fear-enhancing effects of septal oxytocin receptors. Fear-enhancing effects of septal oxytocin recep... [Nat Neurosci. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI
Guzmán YF1, Tronson NC, Jovasevic V, Sato K, Guedea AL, Mizukami H, Nishimori K, Radulovic J.
Abstract
The nonapeptide oxytocin is considered beneficial to mental health due to its anxiolytic, prosocial and antistress effects, but
evidence for anxiogenic actions of oxytocin in humans has recently emerged. Using region-specific manipulations of the mouse oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) gene (Oxtr),
we identified the lateral septum as the brain region mediating fear-enhancing effects of Oxtr. These effects emerge
after social defeat and require Oxtr specifically coupled to the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Role of oxytocin receptors in modulation of fear by social memory. Role of oxytocin receptors in modu... [Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013] - PubMed - NCBI
Guzmán YF1, Tronson NC, Sato K, Mesic I, Guedea AL, Nishimori K, Radulovic J.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Oxytocin receptors (Oxtr) are important mediators of social learning and emotion, with bidirectional effects on fear and anxiety. Contrary to the anxiolytic actions of Oxtr in the amygdala, we recently showed that Oxtr in the lateral septum mediate the enhancement of fear conditioning by social defeat in mice.
OBJECTIVES: Using positive social interactions, which impair fear conditioning, here we attempted to delineate whether the role of septal Oxtr in fear regulation depends on the valence of the social memory.
METHODS: Pharmacological and genetic manipulations of lateral septal Oxtr were combined with the social buffering of fear paradigm, in which pre-exposure to nonfearful conspecifics reduces subsequent contextual fear conditioning, as revealed by decreased freezing behavior.
RESULTS:
Antagonism and down-regulation of Oxtr in the lateral septum abolished, while oxytocin (Oxt) administration before pre-exposure to nonfearful conspecifics facilitated the decrease of freezing behavior.
CONCLUSIONS: The septal oxytocin system enhances memory of social interactions regardless of their valence,
reducing fear after positive and enhancing fear after negative social encounters. These findings explain, at least in part, the seemingly bidirectional role of Oxt in fear regulation.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012 Sep;223(2):149-58.
Central administration of oxytocin receptor ligands affects cued fear extinction in rats and mice in a timepoint-dependent manner. Central administration of oxytocin... [Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2012] - PubMed - NCBI
Toth I1, Neumann ID, Slattery DA.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Oxytocin (OXT) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to verify whether pharmacological manipulation of the brain OXT system affects cued fear conditioning and fear extinction.
METHODS: Male rats and mice were intracerebroventricularly administered synthetic OXT (rats, 0.1 or 1.0 ?g/5 ?l; mice, 0.1 or 0.5 ?g/2 ?l) and/or an OXT receptor antagonist (OXTR-A; rats, 0.75 ?g/5 ?l) either prior to fear conditioning or extinction training.
RESULTS: Preconditioning administration of OXT did not affect fear conditioning in rats, but
decreased fear expression and facilitated fear extinction. In contrast, preconditioning blockade of OXT neurotransmission by OXTR-A did not affect fear conditioning or fear expression, but impaired fear extinction. When administered before extinction training, OXT impaired fear extinction in both rats and mice, indicating that the effects of OXT on fear extinction are conserved across species. This impairment was OXTR-mediated, as the inhibitory effect of OXT on fear extinction was abolished by prior treatment with OXTR-A. The impaired fear extinction was not a result of reduced locomotion in rats, whereas an apparent decrease in fear expression and facilitation of fear extinction with the higher OXT dose in mice was the result of behavioral hyperactivity.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that increasing OXT neurotransmission during traumatic events is likely to prevent the formation of aversive memories. In contrast, OXT treatment before fear extinction training, which would be the comparable timepoint for psychotherapy in PTSD patients, rather delays fear extinction and, therefore, caution is needed before recommending OXT for the treatment of PTSD.