Effects of AAS on the Reproductive System of Athletes/Recreational Users

[Michael Scally MD]

Christou MA, Christou PA, Markozannes G, Tsatsoulis A, Mastorakos G, Tigas S. Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on the Reproductive System of Athletes and Recreational Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40279-017-0709-z

BACKGROUND: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are testosterone derivatives used by athletes and recreational users to improve athletic performance and/or enhance appearance. Anabolic androgenic steroids use may have serious and potentially irreversible adverse effects on different organs and systems, including the reproductive system.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically assess the impact of AAS use on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users.

METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted using the databases MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar. Studies were included when the following criteria were fulfilled: participants were athletes or recreational users of any age, sex, level or type of sport; AAS use of any type, dose, form or duration; AAS effects on the reproductive system were assessed as stated by medical history, clinical examination, hormone and/or semen analysis.

Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to assess the weighted mean difference (WMD) of serum gonadotropin (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone) and testosterone levels compared with baseline, during the period of AAS use, as well as following AAS discontinuation.

RESULTS: Thirty-three studies (three randomized clinical trials, 11 cohort, 18 cross-sectional, and one non-randomized parallel clinical trial) were included in the systematic review (3879 participants; 1766 AAS users and 2113 non-AAS users). The majority of the participants were men; only six studies provided data for female athletes.

A meta-analysis (11 studies) was conducted of studies evaluating serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels in male subjects:

(1) prior to, and during AAS use (six studies, n = 65 AAS users; seven studies, n = 59, evaluating gonadotropin and testosterone levels respectively);
(2) during AAS use and following AAS discontinuation (four studies, n = 35; six studies, n = 39, respectively); as well as
(3) prior to AAS use and following AAS discontinuation (three studies, n = 17; five studies, n = 27, respectively).

During AAS intake, significant reductions in luteinizing hormone [weighted mean difference (WMD) -3.37 IU/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.05 to -1.70, p < 0.001], follicle-stimulating hormone (WMD -1.73 IU/L, 95% CI -2.67 to -0.79, p < 0.001), and endogenous testosterone levels (WMD -10.75 nmol/L, 95% CI -15.01 to -6.49, p < 0.001) were reported.

Following AAS discontinuation, serum gonadotropin levels gradually returned to baseline values within 13-24 weeks, whereas serum testosterone levels remained lower as compared with baseline (WMD -9.40 nmol/L, 95% CI -14.38 to -4.42, p < 0.001). Serum testosterone levels remained reduced at 16 weeks following discontinuation of AAS.

In addition, AAS abuse resulted in structural and functional sperm changes, a reduction in testicular volume, gynecomastia, as well as clitoromegaly, menstrual irregularities, and subfertility.

CONCLUSION: The majority of AAS users demonstrated hypogonadism with persistently low gonadotropin and testosterone levels, lasting for several weeks to months after AAS withdrawal. Anabolic androgenic steroid use results in profound and prolonged effects on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users and potentially on fertility.

 

[Michael Scally MD]

Recovery from Reproductive Impact of Androgen Abuse

Purpose of review To summarize recent data on the adverse reproductive consequences of androgen abuse, focusing on the recovery of reproductive function following androgen discontinuation.

Recent findings Evidence is mostly based on case reports and observational studies. Androgen abuse leads to a state of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with impaired spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia as well as menstrual irregularities, virilization and subfertility.

Recovery of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis following androgen withdrawal depends on the type and characteristics of androgen administration (dose, duration of use) as well as those of the user (age, previous reproductive function). Biochemical and clinical features of hypogonadism may be evident months or even years following androgen discontinuation.

To prevent androgen-related adverse effects and accelerate recovery of gonadal function, users take androgens in a cyclical fashion and use drugs such as human chorionic gonadotropin, antiestrogens and aromatase inhibitors, even though there is limited evidence to support efficacy of these strategies. As few studies refer to female androgen users, there is a lack of data concerning recovery from androgen-related reproductive side effects in women.

Summary Androgen abuse has profound and commonly under-recognized effects on the reproductive system; recovery following androgen withdrawal may be prolonged and occasionally incomplete.

Christou MA, Tigas S. Recovery from reproductive impact of androgen abuse. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. Recovery from reproductive impact of androgen abuse : Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity

 

[Oldman.]

So am I reading that correctly? This study showed it can take up to 24 weeks until hormone levels go back to baseline, if at all, after a cycle?
Does that sugurlest the minimum time you should wait between cycles? That would suggest many aas users don’t wait for there hormone production to recover fully before going back on cycle. Is that correct?