Generate a complete list of all laboratory equipment, materials, and chemicals required to extract diosgenin from yams, purify it, and chemically convert it into raw testosterone base. Include:
- Extraction Equipment: Specify tools and containers for harvesting, drying, grinding, and solvent extraction of diosgenin from yams. Include filtration, evaporation, and crystallization equipment necessary for initial purification.
- Conversion and Chemical Processing Equipment: Detail the reactors, heating equipment, pH meters, distillation setups, and chromatography systems needed to convert diosgenin into testosterone through hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, and rearrangement reactions.
- Purification and Testing Equipment: List tools and techniques such as chromatography, HPLC, and mass spectrometry for the final purification and quality control of testosterone base.
- Safety Equipment and Storage Materials: Include necessary PPE, fume hoods, amber vials, and storage containers to ensure safe handling and preservation of the final product.
After generating the equipment list, estimate the amount of fresh yams required to produce 1 kilogram of raw testosterone base. Assume that:
- Fresh yams have a diosgenin content ranging from 0.2% to 2% by dry weight.
- The conversion efficiency from diosgenin to testosterone is approximately 50%.
- Fresh yams contain 70-80% water and are reduced to dried powder before extraction.
Provide a step-by-step calculation based on these assumptions, resulting in an approximate amount of fresh yams needed to produce 1 kilogram of purified testosterone base.