Sept. 1 [2019] marks the 80th anniversary of Germany’s invasion of Poland and the start of World War II in Europe, and world leaders will gather to mark the event. But what led Germans to embrace Nazi rule more than six years earlier, which would lead them into the war? University of Illinois
history professor
Peter Fritzsche has explored that at length and does so again in his upcoming book
“Hitler’s First Hundred Days.” Fritzsche spoke with News Bureau social sciences editor Craig Chamberlain.
The 100 days in your title date from Nazi leader Adolf Hitler’s appointment as the German chancellor in 1933, the result of a political deal. What do you find in those 100 days that is so surprising? ...
The lessons: Political actors must defend their opponents on questions of process and procedure. Extreme partisanship signalizes the illegitimacy of the constitutional system. If opponents are demonized as “others” and not recognized as citizens living in a complex and diverse society, new in-group solidarities will trample society in favor of a newly and more narrowly defined community that prioritizes what they want to hear over democratic process.
After 1933, Germany became far less diverse, religiously, politically, intellectually; the Nobel Prizes it used to win are now won by the United States, with its large emigre population. 1933 always stands as a choice.
What is surprising is the speed by which a very partisan and divided society, fragmented between left and right, between Social Democrats, Communists and National Socialists (Nazis), between Catholics and Protestants, seemingly transformed itself – by terror from above and “conversion” from below – into a seemingly unified society recognized widely as a “people’s community.”
Along the way, most Germans accepted basic premises of the Nazi worldview: the distinction between friend and foe, the view that Germans had almost been destroyed as a people at the end of World War I, the corollary that they would have to fight internal and then external enemies in order to ensure their survival, and the identification of the Jew as a non-German alien and even enemy.
Compared with day one, Jan. 30, 1933, Germany was not recognizable on day 100, at least to outsiders. To sympathizers, German history had healed itself in 100 days.
And how do you explain the transformation?
The highly partisan positions of German nationalists made a defense of the republic, civic institutions and common decency unthinkable because even the National Socialists were regarded as far preferable to the moderate Social Democrats. The political divide invalidated any defense of civil society in almost any form. There was also not more resistance from anti-Nazis because the apparent evidence of widespread pro-Nazi acclamation seemed overwhelming.
Moreover, the Nazis represented themselves as a “third force,” neither left nor right, neither simply nationalist or only socialist, a force that would renew the nation and restore its future.