Just curious as to what is the differences between these two. And also, of the members who have had experience with both, which one do you prefer to use? What qualites about each one do like/dislike? If you had to reccomend one, which one would it be? Thanks for any input you might have.
MESO-Rx
Anabolic Steroids
Clenbuterol vs. Albuterol
- Thread starter getbig22
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huntlo
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Formoterol (INN) or eformoterol (former BAN) is a long-acting ?2-agonist used in the management of asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is marketed in four forms: a dry-powder inhaler (DPI), metered dose inhaler (MDI), an oral tablet, and as an inhalation solution, under various trade names including Foradil/Foradile (Schering-Plough in the U.S., Novartis rest of world), Oxeze (AstraZeneca), Atock (Astellas), Atimos Modulite (Trinity-Chiesi) and Perforomist (Dey).
Formoterol is a long-acting ?2 agonist (LABA), which has an extended duration of action (up to 12 hours) compared to short-acting ?2 agonists such as salbutamol, which are effective for 4–6 hours. LABAs such as formoterol are used as "symptom controllers" to supplement prophylactic corticosteroid therapy (e.g. fluticasone). A "reliever" short-acting ?2 agonist (e.g. salbutamol) is still required, since LABAs are not recommended for the treatment of acute asthma.
See: DailyMed: Search
Pearen MA, Ryall JG, Lynch GS, Muscat GE. Expression profiling of skeletal muscle following acute and chronic beta2-adrenergic stimulation: implications for hypertrophy, metabolism and circadian rhythm. BMC Genomics 2009;10:448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758907/pdf/1471-2164-10-448.pdf
BACKGROUND: Systemic administration of beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) agonists has been found to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy and significant metabolic changes. In the context of energy homeostasis, the importance of beta-AR signaling has been highlighted by the inability of beta(1-3)-AR-deficient mice to regulate energy expenditure and susceptibility to diet induced obesity. However, the molecular pathways and gene expression changes that initiate and maintain these phenotypic modulations are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify differential changes in gene expression in murine skeletal muscle associated with systemic (acute and chronic) administration of the beta(2)-AR agonist formoterol.
RESULTS: Skeletal muscle gene expression (from murine tibialis anterior) was profiled at both 1 and 4 hours following systemic administration of the beta(2)-AR agonist formoterol, using Illumina 46K mouse BeadArrays. Illumina expression profiling revealed significant expression changes in genes associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy, myoblast differentiation, metabolism, circadian rhythm, transcription, histones, and oxidative stress. Differentially expressed genes relevant to the regulation of muscle mass and metabolism (in the context of the hypertrophic phenotype) were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR to examine gene expression in response to both acute (1-24 h) and chronic administration (1-28 days) of formoterol at multiple timepoints. In terms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, attenuation of myostatin signaling (including differential expression of myostatin, activin receptor IIB, phospho-Smad3 etc) was observed following acute and chronic administration of formoterol. Acute (but not chronic) administration of formoterol also significantly induced the expression of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, including hexokinase 2, sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1, and uncoupling protein 3. Interestingly, formoterol administration also appeared to influence some genes associated with the peripheral regulation of circadian rhythm (including nuclear factor interleukin 3 regulated, D site albumin promoter binding protein, and cryptochrome 2).
CONCLUSION: This is the first study to utilize gene expression profiling to examine global gene expression in response to acute beta(2)-AR agonist treatment of skeletal muscle. In summary, systemic administration of a beta(2)-AR agonist had a profound effect on global gene expression in skeletal muscle. In terms of hypertrophy, beta(2)-AR agonist treatment altered the expression of several genes associated with myostatin signaling, a previously unreported effect of beta-AR signaling in skeletal muscle. This study also demonstrates a beta(2)-AR agonist regulation of circadian rhythm genes, indicating crosstalk between beta-AR signaling and circadian cycling in skeletal muscle. Gene expression alterations discovered in this study provides insight into many of the underlying changes in gene expression that mediate beta-AR induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and altered metabolism.
Formoterol is a long-acting ?2 agonist (LABA), which has an extended duration of action (up to 12 hours) compared to short-acting ?2 agonists such as salbutamol, which are effective for 4–6 hours. LABAs such as formoterol are used as "symptom controllers" to supplement prophylactic corticosteroid therapy (e.g. fluticasone). A "reliever" short-acting ?2 agonist (e.g. salbutamol) is still required, since LABAs are not recommended for the treatment of acute asthma.
See: DailyMed: Search
Pearen MA, Ryall JG, Lynch GS, Muscat GE. Expression profiling of skeletal muscle following acute and chronic beta2-adrenergic stimulation: implications for hypertrophy, metabolism and circadian rhythm. BMC Genomics 2009;10:448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758907/pdf/1471-2164-10-448.pdf
BACKGROUND: Systemic administration of beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) agonists has been found to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy and significant metabolic changes. In the context of energy homeostasis, the importance of beta-AR signaling has been highlighted by the inability of beta(1-3)-AR-deficient mice to regulate energy expenditure and susceptibility to diet induced obesity. However, the molecular pathways and gene expression changes that initiate and maintain these phenotypic modulations are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify differential changes in gene expression in murine skeletal muscle associated with systemic (acute and chronic) administration of the beta(2)-AR agonist formoterol.
RESULTS: Skeletal muscle gene expression (from murine tibialis anterior) was profiled at both 1 and 4 hours following systemic administration of the beta(2)-AR agonist formoterol, using Illumina 46K mouse BeadArrays. Illumina expression profiling revealed significant expression changes in genes associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy, myoblast differentiation, metabolism, circadian rhythm, transcription, histones, and oxidative stress. Differentially expressed genes relevant to the regulation of muscle mass and metabolism (in the context of the hypertrophic phenotype) were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR to examine gene expression in response to both acute (1-24 h) and chronic administration (1-28 days) of formoterol at multiple timepoints. In terms of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, attenuation of myostatin signaling (including differential expression of myostatin, activin receptor IIB, phospho-Smad3 etc) was observed following acute and chronic administration of formoterol. Acute (but not chronic) administration of formoterol also significantly induced the expression of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, including hexokinase 2, sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1, and uncoupling protein 3. Interestingly, formoterol administration also appeared to influence some genes associated with the peripheral regulation of circadian rhythm (including nuclear factor interleukin 3 regulated, D site albumin promoter binding protein, and cryptochrome 2).
CONCLUSION: This is the first study to utilize gene expression profiling to examine global gene expression in response to acute beta(2)-AR agonist treatment of skeletal muscle. In summary, systemic administration of a beta(2)-AR agonist had a profound effect on global gene expression in skeletal muscle. In terms of hypertrophy, beta(2)-AR agonist treatment altered the expression of several genes associated with myostatin signaling, a previously unreported effect of beta-AR signaling in skeletal muscle. This study also demonstrates a beta(2)-AR agonist regulation of circadian rhythm genes, indicating crosstalk between beta-AR signaling and circadian cycling in skeletal muscle. Gene expression alterations discovered in this study provides insight into many of the underlying changes in gene expression that mediate beta-AR induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and altered metabolism.
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