| Agent | AAS model | Model & dosing (abridged) | Primary endpoints | Outcome (protective?) | Mechanistic notes | Source |
|---|
| Ashwagandha | Nandrolone | Male rats; ND regimen (brain injury model); WS extract alongside ND | Hippocampal histology; cell death; prodynorphin mRNA; AChE activity | ↓ cell death; ↓ prodynorphin mRNA; ↓ AChE; histology improved → neuroprotection | Antioxidant / anti-excitotoxic; cholinergic normalization | Withania somnifera ameliorates nandrolone-decanoate-induced brain damage in rats by inhibiting cell death, prodynorphin mRNA expression and acetylcholinesterase activity |
| Damiana extract | Trenbolone | Male rats; Tren ± Damiana | Serum ALT/AST, urea/creatinine; hepatic/renal histology; SOD/CAT/GSH/MDA | Improved liver/kidney tests; restored antioxidant enzymes; histology improved | Antioxidant / anti-inflammatory; membrane stabilization | Ameliorating Effect of Damiana (Turnera Diffusa) Extract against Trenbolone-induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats |
| Nano ferrite–chitosan–curcumin NPs | Nandrolone | 48 rats; ND 25 mg/kg/wk ×4; then CurNPs 50 mg/kg q48h ×2 wk or NF-CH-CurNPs 24 mg/kg q48h ×2 wk | Urea/Cr, electrolytes; MDA, CAT/SOD/GSH; PCNA, TNF-α; renal histology | Both nano-formulations improved renal function, redox status, inflammation; NF-CH-CurNPs best | Free-radical scavenging; anti-inflammatory (↓TNF-α, ↓PCNA) | Ameliorating and therapeutic impact of nano ferrite-chitosan-curcumin nanoparticles against nandrolone decanote induced renal toxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in male rats |
| Silymarin + “Antox” (Se + vit A/C/E) | Nandrolone | 110 rats; ND 7.93 or 11.9 mg/kg; 8 wk ± silymarin and/or Antox | Body/organ weights; ALT/AST, bilirubin; urea/Cr; liver/kidney histology | Combo Silymarin+Antox gave largest improvements (enzymes, urea/Cr, histology) | Multi-antioxidant / free-radical-scavenging synergy | Effect of Nandrolone Decanoate (Anabolic Steroid) on the Liver and Kidney of Male Albino Rats and the Role of Antioxidant (Antox-Silymarin) as Adjuvant Therapy |
| Silymarin + Fenugreek | Nandrolone | Adult male rats; ND cardiotoxicity model ± silymarin and/or fenugreek | Cardiac/skeletal muscle histology; oxidative stress markers | Both agents ameliorated ND-induced myopathy; combo favorable | Antioxidant / anti-inflammatory | The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| Melatonin | Stanozolol | Rats; STA 5 mg/kg s.c. 5 d/wk ×6 wk; melatonin 10 mg/kg i.p. 5 d/wk | BP, ECG axis; cardiac SOD/CAT | Melatonin prevented BP rise and axis deviation; modulated CAT | Antioxidant; autonomic modulation | Melatonin Reduces Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Changes Induced by Stanozolol in Rats Exposed to Swimming Exercise |
| Taurine | Nandrolone | 32 rats; 12 wk ND ± taurine in drinking water | Systolic BP, ACE activity, NOx | Taurine prevented ND-induced BP rise and blunted ACE activity | RAAS modulation; NO biology | Impact of chronic administration of anabolic androgenic steroids and taurine on blood pressure in rats |
| Taurine | Nandrolone | Rats; chronic ND ± taurine | Thromboelastography (R, K, α, CI); clot lysis | ND induced hypercoagulability; taurine normalized clot kinetics | Anti-platelet / antithrombotic actions | Influence of chronic administration of anabolic androgenic steroids and taurine on haemostasis profile in rats: a thrombelastographic study |
| Taurine | Nandrolone | 40 rats; control, taurine, ND, ND+taurine | CK-MB; testicular MDA/SOD/TNF-α; hippocampal/heart/testis histology & IHC | Taurine attenuated ND toxicity across biochemical & histologic endpoints | ROS/RNS quenching; anti-inflammatory | Ameliorative Effect of Taurine on Nandrolone Decanoate Induced Toxicity on Brain, Heart and Testis in Adult Male Albino Rats |
| Taurine | Nandrolone | 30 rats; 8 wk ND ± taurine | Liver enzymes; histology | Partial hepatoprotection reported | Antioxidant | Effect of Nandrolone Decanoate on the liver of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible ameliorating role Of Taurine |
| α-Lipoic acid (ALA) ± Pentoxifylline | Nandrolone | Rats; ND 15 mg/kg q3d; ALA 100 mg/kg p.o.; PTX 200 mg/kg i.p. | Open-field, water maze, aggression; monoamines/GABA/ACh; MDA, TNF-α, AChE; Nrf2/HO-1, TNFR1 | ND: anxiety, memory deficits, aggression, oxidative/inflammatory changes; ALA+PTX reversed | ↑Nrf2/HO-1; ↓TNF-α/TNFR1; antioxidant & anti-inflammatory | Lipoic acid and pentoxifylline mitigate nandrolone decanoate-induced neurobehavioral perturbations in rats via re-balance of brain neurotransmitters, up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and down-regulation of TNFR1 expression |
| α-Lipoic acid (ALA) | Nandrolone | Rat ND nephrotoxicity model ± ALA | Serum urea/Cr; renal MDA; antioxidant enzymes; histology | ALA attenuated ND nephrotoxicity | Antioxidant; possible NF-κB dampening | BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NANDROLONE DECANOATE NEPHROTOXICITY AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID |
| α-Lipoic acid (ALA) | Dianabol (Methandienone) | 20 rabbits; Methandienone 0.35 mg/kg ± ALA 10 mg/kg p.o. | CPK, CRP, troponin; heart/aorta histology | ALA lowered cardiac injury markers; histology improved | Antioxidant / anti-inflammatory | The Essential Role of Alpha Lipoic Acid on the Cardiovascular System in Rabbits Subjected to Methandienone Administration |
| N-acetylcysteine (NAC) | Nandrolone | 18 rats; Control, ND, NAC+ND (6 wk) | Cardiac TUNEL apoptosis; 8-OHdG; TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3; CK-MB/LDH | ND ↑ apoptosis, DNA damage, TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3, injury enzymes; NAC reduced all | Glutathione repletion; TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 down-modulation | Nandrolone decanoate induces heart injury via oxidative damage and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by regulation of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis in male rats: The rescue effect of N-acetylcysteine |
