One of the most effective approaches to achieving clinically meaningful improvements in glycemic control is weight loss (
35). Therefore, to determine if the effect of tirzepatide on systemic insulin sensitivity is driven in a weight-dependent and/or -independent manner, we compared the insulin-sensitizing action of tirzepatide to a selective GLP-1RA (semaglutide), a mechanism that has been shown to ameliorate IR entirely due to weight loss (
36). For these studies, we matched weight loss in obese IR mice by dosing tirzepatide (3 nmol/kg) at a 3-fold lower dose than semaglutide (10 nmol/kg). To further control for weight-driven improvements in insulin sensitivity, we pair fed (PF) a group of animals the same daily food intake as animals dosed with tirzepatide. Chronic administration of either agent reduced body weight and food intake in obese IR mice (
Figure 3A). Following 14 days of treatment, there was no difference in weight loss in animals treated with tirzepatide versus those treated with semaglutide. Tirzepatide reduced fasting glucose levels lower than those seen in semaglutide-treated or PF animals (
Supplemental Figure 1G). Tirzepatide, semaglutide, and PF reduced fasting insulin when compared with that in vehicle-treated animals (
Supplemental Figure 1H). To compare the insulin-sensitizing effects of the 2 treatments, we conducted hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiments following the 14 days of dosing. Strikingly, despite eliciting equivalent weight loss, administration of tirzepatide increased whole-body insulin sensitivity more than that achieved in the semaglutide treatment and PF groups (
Figure 3B). Tirzepatide increased the GIR by 4.7-fold, while the semaglutide and PF groups increased the GIR by 3.5-fold and 3-fold, respectively, when compared with the vehicle-treated group. There was a 1.4-fold and 1.5-fold increase in the GIR in animals administered tirzepatide when compared with treatment with semaglutide or PF, respectively (
Figure 3C). Importantly, comparing the insulin-sensitizing action of tirzepatide to that of the weight-matched groups (semaglutide and PF) indicated that the weight-independent effect of tirzepatide accounts for 30% of the total improvement in insulin sensitivity in obese IR mice. No effect on EGP was observed for any of the groups (
Figure 3D). Tirzepatide augmented insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle significantly more than semaglutide (
Figure 3, E–G), while inducing insulin stimulated uptake more than PF in epididymal WAT and BAT (
P = 0.09;
Figure 3, H–J). These data further support the notion that tirzepatide is indeed a highly effective insulin sensitizer capable of improving IR in both a weight-dependent and -independent manner. Such improvements in whole-body insulin sensitivity associated with the tirzepatide treatment shed light on the improvement in glycemic control observed clinically with tirzepatide when compared with GLP-1R agonism (
31).