Timing of supplementation in relation to the resistance workout also has been studied [
33]. Cribb et al. assigned 23 male bodybuilders to one of two groups: those who received a supplement a) before and after a workout, or b) in the morning and evening. The supplement contained 40 g protein (from whey isolate), 43 g carbohydrate (glucose), and seven g creatine monohydrate per 100 g. Each participant was given the supplement in quantities of 1.0 g.kg-1 body weight. All participants followed a preliminary resistance weight-training program for 8–12 weeks before baseline measurements were taken. Participants then started the 10-week resistance weight-training session which was divided into three distinct stages: preparatory (70–75% 1RM), overload phase 1 (80–85%1RM), and overload phase 2 (90–95% 1RM) [
33].
Results indicated significant differences in body composition in the group consuming the supplement pre- and post-workout [
33]. This group experienced increased LBM and decreased body fat. Both groups demonstrated increases in strength, but the pre- and post-workout group demonstrated significantly greater gains [
33], indicating that timing of the ingestion of the protein supplement was crucial. This is contradictory to the findings of Hoffman et al. [
31] with respect to changes in body composition. This could be because Cribb et al. [
33] used a supplement that was a combination of protein, carbohydrate and creatine whereas, Hoffman et al. [
31] supplemented with protein only. The major finding of this study was that after 10 weeks of training, supplementation pre/post each workout resulted in greater improvements in 1RM strength and body composition (increased LBM and decreased body fat percentage) compared with a matched group who consumed supplement in the morning and evening, outside of the pre- and post-workout time frames.